The verb

Contents of this page:

	Overview of the articles and pre- and suffixes of the verb
	The active and passive voice
	The perfect and imperfect modes
	The tense
	Overview of the pre- and suffixes of the verb
	The future tense
	The aspect
	Modalities and causalities
	Adjectival constructions
	Deriving nouns
	Strengthening of the root

Overview of the articles and pre- and suffixes of the verb

The order of the articles is the same as in the table.

voice			mode			tense
active	passive		imperfect	perfect		present	past
(none)	nO	ngoo	(none)	èl	eul	(none)	gA	gaa

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The active and passive voice

The active voice is the default. The passive voiced is expressed with the article nO, ngoo. The subject of the active voice sentence is expressed with a fifth case (è,eu).

Examples:

O UpO vfafoI y ecan à elòr.	The man gives a book to the child.
Oo uupoo fafoie y echang au eloer.
O ecan nO fafoie è UpO au eloer.	A book is given by the man to the child.
Oo echang ngoo fafoie eu uupoo au eloer.

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The imperfect and perfect modes

The imperfect indicates an incomplete action. The perfect represents the action as a complete event or as a concluded whole. It is expressed through the article èl, eul.

Examples:

O elOp aIjIloI è ton Anslù.	I go (am going) home.
Oo eloop aiezjieloie eu tong aangslui.
O elOp èl aIjIloI è ton Anslù.	I have gone home, I am home.
Oo eloop eul aiezjieloie eu tong aangslui.

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The tense

The present tense indicates that the action, or its result is visible in the present. The past tense indicates that the action took place in the past. It is expressed with the article ga, gaa.

Examples:

O UpO y elòr slAnoI.	The man beats the child.
Oo uupoo y eloer slaangoie.
O UpO y elòr èl slAnoI.	The man has beaten the child (see: it cries)
Oo uupoo y eloer eul slaangoie.

O elòr è UpO nO gA slAnoI.	The child was beaten by the man.
Oo eloer eu uupoo ngoo gaa slaangoie.
O elòr è UpO nO èl gA slAnoI.	The child has been beaten by the man.
Oo eloer eu uupoo ngoo eul gaa slaangoie.

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Overview of the pre- and suffixes of the verb

future tense		ROOT	strengthening		aspect		nouns
							òAcIl	oeaachiel
					òA	oeaa	u	u
e	e		fO	foo	òrf	oerf	I	ie
			fràs	fraus	oI	oie	(none)
					UE	uuee	à	au
							adjective
							lOc	looch

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The future tense

This tense is used when the action plays in the future.

Examples:

O elOp eaIjIloI è ton Anslù.	I shall go home.
Oo eloop eaïezjieloie eu tong aangslui.
O elOp èl eaIjIloI è ton Anslù.	I shall have gone home, I shall be at home.
Oo eloop eul eaïezjieloie eu tong aanslui.

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The aspect

	The infinitive is formed with the suffix òA,oeaa.
	The starting aspect indicates that the action is beginning in the imperfect and has begun in the perfect mode. It is formed with the suffix òrf, oerf.
	The continuous aspect indicates in the imperfect mode, that the action is going on, as in the English continuous tenses. In the perfect mode it indicates that the action has ended and its result is visible.
	The ending aspect indicates that the action is about to end in the imperfect and that it ends in the perfect mode. It is formed with the suffix UE,uuee.

Examples:

aIjIlòA è ton Anslù.	going home
aiezjieloeaa eu tong aangslui.
O elOp aIjIlòrf è ton Anslù.	I start going home
Oo eloop aiezjieloerf eu tong aangslui.

O elOp èl aIjIlòrf è ton Anslù.	I have started going home: I go home.
Oo eloop eul aiezjieloerf eu tong aangslui.
O elOp aIjIloI è ton Anslù.	I go home, I am going home
Oo eloop aiezjieloie eu tong aangslui.

O elOp èl aIjIloI è ton Anslù.	I have gone home, I am home.
Oo eloop eul aiezjieloie eu tong aangslui.
O elOp aIjIlUE è ton Anslù.	I have nearly completed going home, I am reaching home.
Oo eloop aiezjieluuee eu tong aangslui.
O elOp èl alIjIlUE è ton Anslù.	I am ending coming home, I have reached home.
Oo eloop eul aiezjieluuee eu tong aangslui.

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Modalities and Causalities

The auxiliary verbs of modality and causality are expresses with the following suffixes:

to want:

lUp

luup

to can, to be able:

lIp

liep

to may, to be allowed:	lAp	laap
to must, to have to:	lOp	loop
to let, allow to	lòp	loep
to let, to make	lEp	leep

Luup, loep and leep take a fourth case to indicate who is wanted, allowed or made to perform the action.

Examples:

O elOp aIjIllUpoI.	I want to go.
Oo eloop aiezjielluupoie.
O elOp aIjIlUpoI ò elàj.	I want you to go.
Oo eloop aiezjielluupoie oe elauzj.
O elOp aIjIllIpoI.	I can go.
Oo eloop aiezjielliepoie.
O elOp aIjIllApoI.	I may go, am allowed to go.
Oo eloop aiezjiellaapoie.
O elOp aIjIllOpoI.	I must go.
Oo eloop aiezjielloopoie
O elOp aIjIllòpoI ò elàj.	I let you go.
Oo eloop aiezjielloepoie oe elauzj.
O elOp aIjIllEpoI ò elàj	I make you go.
Oo eloop aiezjielleepoie oe elauzj.

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Adjectival constructions

The verb is turned into a participle by applying the ending lOc, looch.

Examples:

O canatoIlOc UpO.	The writing man, the mas who is writing.
Oo changatoielooch uupoo
O nO èl gA canatoIlOc can.	The written book, the book that has been written.
Oo ngoo eul gaa changatoielooch chang
O èl ecanatUElOc UpO.	The man, who will finish writing.
Oo eul echangatuueelooch uupoo.

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Deriving nouns

nouns indicating the actors of the verb

These are constructed by adding the ending cIl, chiel after the ending of the infinitive.

canatòA	changatoeaa	to write
O canatòAcIl	Oo changatoeaachiel	the writer
O no èl ga canatòAcIl	Oo ngoo eul gaa changatoeaachiel	the writing.

nouns expressing a direct substantiation of a sentence

The ending u, u makes a noun of the infinitive. Nouns derived in this way can have a plural.

It is possible to reform a subordinate clause into a noun + adjective conjuncts. This is accomplished by replacing the ending of the aspect as follows:

remove oI, oie
replace òrf,oerf with I, ie
replace UE,uuee, with à,au

Examples:

AòA è òtucetu Ag.	to be on Uteged.
aaoeaa eu oetuchetu aag
O UpO AoI y eAòAcIl òtucetuAglOc	Man is a being of Uteged.
Oo uupoo aaoïe y eaaoeaachiel oetuchetuaaglooch.
O UpO efuslIpoI ys OlUlOc Au è òtucetu Ag.	Man can have several existences on Uteged.
Oo uupoo efusliepoie ys ooluulooch aaü eu oetuchetu aag.

O ès UpO òtucetuAglOc A nO èl gA efwoI èùs gOc.	Man's being on Uteged has been granted by the Gods.
Oo eus uupoo oetuchetuaaglooch aa ngoo eul gaa efwoie euüis gooch.
O è lunf AI nO èl gA elgrloI èù gOc gOcO.	The emergence of the world was caused by the god Goochoo.
Oo eu lungf aaie ngoo eul gaa elgrloie euüi gooch goochoo.
Os Upo eelgrloI y è òtucetu aà.	Men will cause the destruction of Uteged.
Oos uupoo eëlgrloie y eu oetuchetu aaäu.

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Strengthening of the root

fO,foo expresses an intense form of the action.
fràs,fraus expresses the extreme form of the action.

Examples:

slAnòA	slaangoeaa	to beat
slAnfOòA	slaangfooöeaa	to beat heavily
slanfràsòA	slaangfrausoeaa	to beat ultimately
aIjIlòA	aiejieloeaa	to go
aIjIlfOòA	aiejielfooöeaa	to run
aIjIlfràsòA	aiejielfrausoeaa	to go as fast as possible

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