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General syntax

Contents of this page:

	Gender
	Number
	Tense and aspect
	Person
	Functions and their case

Gender

Aninese has five genders they are all regular:

The masculine gender

All true masculine people and animals have this gender.

mènin	mènin	the man
benin	benin	the boy
usulin	usulin	the bull

The feminine gender

All true feminine people and animals have this gender.

mènaz	mènaz	the woman
benaz	benaz	the girl
usulaz	usulaz	the cow

The live gender

All living people and animals have this gender. It is used when the sex is unknown, or when a group of males and females is indicated.

mène;	mène;	the human
bene;	bene;	the child
usule;	usule;	the piece of cattle
L	Levis àn mènini òs mènazi àn idodie.	They, the men and the women, are going.

The neuter gender

All abstractions and lifeless items have this gender.

don	don	the house
lècê	lècê	the love
eseo;	eseo;	the good thing

The unknown gender

This is used when it is not known if the object is alive or lifeless, or when a group of living and lifeless items is indicated. Its use is mostly limited to the indefinite pronouns.

elez	elez	something, someone
Lezo àn mènin òs don àn imeso doarodo.	Lezo àn mènin òs don àn imeso doarodo.	They, the man and the house own each other.

The gender of plants and body parts

Plants can have both the live and neuter genders. If specifically a male or female plant is indicated then the masculine and feminine genders are used.

Body parts can also have both the live and neuter genders. Moreover body parts of males can have the masculine gender, body parts of females the feminine gender. The reproductive organs always have the gender of their owner.

vìlàsê, vìlàse;	vìlàsê, vìlàse;	the flower
urèîg, urèîge;, urèîgo', urèîgaz	ureig, ureige;, ureigo', ureigaz	the head
azin	azin	the penis
azaz	azaz	the vagina

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Number

Aninese has five numbers:

The singular is used to indicate zero to one items.
The double is used to indicate more than one to two items.
The triple is used to indicate more than two to three items.
The plural is used to indicate more than three items
The unknown number is used to indicate that the number of items is anything but zero.

Because the plural always indicates more than three items, indefinite nouns in the plural suggest a larger number than indefinite nouns in the unknown number.

odon	odon	a house
odoni	odoni	some houses
odone	odone	few houses
odono	odono	two houses
odona	odona	three houses

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Tense and aspect

Aninese has four tenses:

The present tense focuses on the fact that the action is taking place now.
The past tense indicates that the action has ended while the sentence is spoken.
The future tense indicates that the action will start some time after the sentence is spoken.
The unknown tense indicates that the action has started in the past and will continue in the future. It is often used in general opinions and statements.

Idodu dom ju]o.	Idodu dom ju-o.	He is going home.
Ididu dom ju]o.	Ididu dom ju-o.	He was going home.
Idadu dom ju]o.	Idadu dom ju-o.	He will be going home.
Àmènin itu dom ju]ov anazajuot ju]o.	Àmènin itu dom ju-ov anazajuot ju-o.	Men will (always) go from their house to their work.

The aspects will further define the meaning of the tenses. Generally the aspects indicate how far the action is removed from its beginning or end. This is illustrated in the following table:

pa	ba	ra	na	zè	za	ma
			(nothing)
		A C T I O N
pa	ba	ra	na	zè	za	ma
			(nothing)

Follow the links to the description of the selected aspect.

The future aspect

This aspect indicates that the action will take place in the near future.

Paidodu dom ju]ov.	Paidodu dom ju-ov.	He is going to leave the house.
Paididu dom ju]ov.	Paididu dom ju-ov.	He was going to leave the house.
Paidadu dom ju]ov.	Paidadu dom ju-ov.	He will be going to leave the house.

The beginning aspect

This aspect indicates that the action is starting.

Baidodu dom ju]ov.	Baidodu dom ju-ov.	He is just leaving the house.
Baididu dom ju]ov.	Baididu dom ju-ov.	He was just leaving the house.
Baidadu dom ju]ov.	Baidadu dom ju-ov.	He will just be leaving the house.

The result aspect

This aspect indicates that the action has just started, specifically it implies that the cause of the action is near in time.

Raidodu dom ju]o, nuvè maanazomoru.	Raidodu dom ju-o, nuvè maanazomoru.	He goes home after having finished work.
Raididu dom ju]o, nuvè maanazoiru.	Raididu dom ju-o, nuvè maanazomiru..	He went home after he had finished work.
Raidadu dom ju]o, nuvè maanazomaru.	Raidadu dom ju-o, nuvè maanazomaru.	He will go home after he will have finished work

The continuous aspect

This aspect indicates that the action is continuing without a specific mentioning of when it started, or when it will end. Translation is usually with the English continuous tenses. It has no specific prefix.

Idodu dom ju]o.	Idodu dom ju-o.	He is going home.
Ididu dom ju]o.	Ididu dom ju-o.	He was going home.
Idadu dom ju]o.	Idadu dom ju-o.	He will be going home.

The persisting aspect

This aspect indicates specifically that the action will continue, it is a stronger variant of the continous aspect.

Naidodu dom ju]o.	Naidodu dom ju-o.	He keeps going home.
Naididu dom ju]o.	Naididu dom ju-o.	He kept going home.
Naidadu dom ju]o.	Naidadu dom ju-o.	He will keep going home.

The finishing aspect

This aspect indicates that the action is about to end.

Zèanazomodu.	Zèanazomodu.	He is about to stop working.
Zèanazomidu.	Zèanazomidu.	He was about to stop working.
Zèanazomadu.	Zèanazomadu.	He will be about to stop working.

The ending aspect

This aspect indicates that the action ends.

Zaidodu dom ju]o.	Zaidodu dom ju-o.	He stops going home.
Zaididu dom ju]o.	Zaididu dom ju-o.	He stopped going home.
Zaidadu dom ju]o.	Zaidadu dom ju-o.	He will stop going home.

The completing aspect

This aspect indicates that the action is completed, specifically it implies that its result is near in time.

Maidodu d]dom ju]o, ècè maras]d daranacaloru.	Maidodu d-dom ju-o, ècè maras-d daranacaloru.	He has come home, so he hugs his wife.
Maididu d]dom ju]o, ècè maras]d daranacaliru.	Maidodu d-dom ju-o, ècè maras-d daranacaloru.	He had come home, so he hugged his wife.
Maidadu d]dom ju]o, ècè maras]d daranacalaru.	Maidodu d-dom ju-o, ècè maras-d daranacaloru.	He wil have come home, so he will hug his wife.

As you see the result and completing aspects are often used in tandem.

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Person

Aninese has four persons:

The first person: this indicates the one(s) speaking the sentence.
The second person: this indicates the one(s) being spoken to.
The third person: this indicates the one(s) spoken about
The mixed person: this is a special case of the first person. It cannot occur in the singular. It indicates that the one(s) spoken to is part of the action. It is only used with the verb, not with the noun.

Idogie dom ju]o.	Idogie dom ju-o.	We (but not you) are going home.
Idosie dom ju]o.	Idosie dom ju-o.	We (and you) are going home.
Idovie dom ju]o.	Idovie dom ju-o.	You (pl) are going home.
Idodie dom ju]o.	Idodie dom ju-o.	They are going home.

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Functions

The following table shows which functions belong to which cases. Nouns in a first degree case are placed before the verb or the article of voice, nouns in a second degree are placed behind the verb or the article of voice. The functions listed under the "independent" header refer to the function related to the verb of the sentence. The functions under the "adjectival" header refer to the function related to the noun the adjectival noun belongs to. Remember that any function can occur in the first degree first case using the articles of voice.

Click on the functions to see an example

case	first degree		second degree
	independent	adjectival	independent	adjectival
1st	All functions		Point in time
2nd	Direct object		Indirect object	Direct object
3rd	The group of which a part is taken	Indirect object	Subject Means (with, using) Causative (by)
4th	Duration of time	Subject	Further explanation or division Specific instance of a general word

The prepositions have a noun in the second case when they express movement, otherwise they have a noun in the third case. There is no distinction between the first and second degrees when prepositions are used.

The pronoun g, g is put behind the adjective noun when it has a different degree from the noun it belongs to. G corresponds in case and number to this noun.

Examples:

Mènin	vari	dovàfodu	benas.	Mènin vari dovàfodu benas.

subject	direct object	verb	indirect object	The man gives the book to the child

Varê	co	mènièn	benas	dovàfodu.	Varê co mènièn benas dovàfodu.

subject (former direct object)	article of the passive voice	causative (former subject)	indirect object	verb	The book is given to the child by the man.

Mènièm	benaèz	vàfanaz	eseodo	vari	g.	Mènièm benaèz vàfanaz eseodo vari g.
adjectival subject	adjectival indirect object	noun (subject)	verb	adjectival direct object	g referring to vàfanaz	The gift of the book to the child by the man is good.

Raidogu	dom ju]o	ucoz.	Raidogu dom ju-o ucoz.
verb	preposition (movement)	point time	Today I go home.

Ucoès	naarogu	doèn ju]o.	Ucoès naarogu doèn ju-o.
duration of time	verb	preposition (non-movement)	I stay home all day.

Òtovu	urèîga.	Òtovu ureiga.
verb	further explanation	You are ugly as far as your head is concerned

Vògin	eseduv	Tànièm	g.	Vògin eseduv Tànièm g.
subject	verb	specific instance of a general word	g, referring to Vògin	The god Tanin is bad.

Mènaz	àlanodosè	gè	ca	opòsè	paso.	Mènaz àlanadosè gè ca opòsè paso.
subject (former indirect object)	group of which a part is taken	g referring to opòsè	article of the voice of the indirect object	means	verb	The woman is being beaten with a stick from the collection of punishments.

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