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 | Overview of the pre- and suffixes of the verb | ||||
| The particle of person | ||||
| The prefix of aspect | ||||
| The prefix of mood
| ||||
| The suffix of tense | ||||
| The articles of voice |
As you see, it is possible that only the verb root is used in a sentence without any pre- or suffixes!
| prefix of direct object | prefix of aspect | prefix of causal mood | prefix of relative mood | ROOT | suffix of time | suffix of subject | ||||||
| (none) | (none) | |||||||||||
| (none) | pa | pa | no | no | (none) | (none) | (none) | |||||
| g,, | g.. | ba | ba | go | go | zo | zo | o | o | g,, | g.. | |
| v,, | v.. | r | ra | mo | mo | lo | lo | i | i | v,, | v.. | |
| d,, | d.. | na | na | bo | bo | a | a | d,, | d.. | |||
| s,, | s.. | zè | zè | vè | vè | s,, | s.. | |||||
| za | za | jufè | jufè | |||||||||
| ma | ma | |||||||||||
| ga | ga | |||||||||||
This is a prefix if it represents the direct object, or the subject of the passive voice; it is a suffix when it represents the subject as it would have been in the active voice. It is constructed by adding a denominator for person+number+gender.
| person | number | gender | ||||||
| 1st | g | g | singular | (none) | male | u | u | |
| 2nd | v | v | double | o | o | feminine | a | a |
| 3rd | d | d | triple | a | a | live | e | e |
| mixed | s | s | plural | i | i | neuter | o | o |
| unknown | e | e | unknown | (none) | ||||
Examples:
| idogu | idogu | I (male) go |
| idova | idoda | you (fem) go |
| idogoe | idogoe | we two (male &fem) go |
| idovaa | idovaa | you three (fem) go |
| idodio | idodio | they (neuter) go |
See for further examples of the particles of person the table of personal pronouns on the pronoun page
These represent the stage in which the action is.
| description | prefix | |
| near future (to be about to) | pa | pa |
| start (to begin) | ba | ba |
| continuous time (to be -ing) | (none) | |
| point time (to have just begun to) | ra | ra |
| prolonged (to keep on) | na | na |
| near end (to start to stop) | zè | zè |
| end (to stop) | za | za |
| completed (to have) | ma | ma |
| repeating (usually, again and again) | ga | ga |
Examples:
| Paidogu. | Paidogu. | I will shortly go. |
| Baidoda. | Baidoda. | She starts going. |
| Idodie. | Idodie. | They are going. |
| Raidovie. | Raidovie. | You have started to go. |
| Naidova. | Naidova. | You keep on going. |
| Zèîdoga. | Zeidoga. | I am preparing to stop going. |
| Zaidodo. | Zaidodo. | It stops. |
| Maidogie. | Maidogie. | We have gone |
| Gaidoga. | Gaidoga | I usually go, I go time and time again/ |
Two classes of moods are discerned: The causal moods and the relative moods.
These indicate in what way the actor of the sentence is encouraged.
| description | prefix | |
| to force (imperative) | no | no |
| to assist | go | go |
| to allow | mo | mo |
| to exhort (imperative) | bo | bo |
| to want | vè | vè |
| to wish (subjonctive) | jufè | jufè |
Examples:
| Jo noido. | Jo noido. | One is forced to go; Go! |
| Jo òsolièn goido. | Jo òsolièn goido. | You can go. |
| Moidogu laèz. | Moidogu laèz. | I allow her to go; She may go |
| Òsolo' jo boidoga. | Òsolo' jo boidoga. | You are exhorted by me to go; Go! |
| Vèîdoda lobè. | Vèîdoda lobè. | She wants him to go. |
| Òsolaz jo jufèîdo. | Òsolaz jo jufeido. | You are wished to go; May you go! |
These indicate the likelyhood of the action really occurring.
| description | prefix | |
| reality | (none) | |
| probability (perhaps) | zo | zo |
| unlikely/untrue | lo | lo |
Examples:
| Idodu dom ju]o. | Idodu dom ju-o. | He is (really) coming home. |
| Zoidodu dom ju]o. | Zoidodu dom ju-o. | He may be coming home. |
| Loidodu ludom ju]o? | Loidodu ludom ju-o? | Would he be coming home? (I think not) |
This indicates whether the action takes place in the present, past, or future. The unknown tense is used in expressions that are true regardless of the tense.
| description | suffix | |
| present tense | o | o |
| past tense | i | i |
| future tense | a | a |
| unknown | (none) | |
Examples:
| Idodu. | Idodu. | He is going. |
| Idida. | Idida. | She was going. |
| Idado. | Idado. | It will go. |
| Àmèno' itu depaurèî]ju. | Àmèno' itu (iddu) depaurei-ju. | Men go faster. |
These transform sentences from the active voice to the passive and other voices. In Aninese it is possible to make any noun subject of the sentence.
| description | article | |
| active voice | (none) | |
| passive voice (direct object->subject) | co | co |
| indirect object->subject | ca | ca |
| 2nd case adverbial adjunct->subject | ja | ja |
| 3rd case adverbial adjunct->subject | jo | jo |
| 4th case adverbial adjunct->subject | ra gèî | ra gei |
| 2nd case adjectival adjunct->subject | ro g, g ro | ro g, g ro |
| 3rd case adjectival adjunct->subject | ri g, g ri | ri g, g ri |
| 4th case adjectival adjunct->subject | ra g, g ra | ra g, g ra |
Examples:
| Mènin opòsi dovàfodu maras d]dim doèn ju]o. | The man gives a stick to his brother's wife in the house. |
| Mènin opòsi dovàfodu maras d-dim doèn ju-o. | |
| Opòsê co mènièn maras d]dim doèn ju]o dovàfodu. | A stick is given by the man to his brother's wife in the house. |
| Opòsê co mènièn maras d-dim doèn ju-o dovàfodu. | |
| Maraz opòsi ca mènièn d]dim g doèn ju]o dovàfodu. | His brother's wife is given a stick by the man in the house. |
| Maraz opòsi ca mènièn d-dim g doèn ju-o dovàfodu. | |
| d]Din opòsi ro gi maras menièn doèn ju]o dovàfodu. | Of his brother the wife is given a stick by the man int he house. |
| d-Din opòsi ro gi maras menièn doèn ju-o dovàfodu. | |
| Don opòsi jo mènièn maras d]dim dovàfodu ju]odo. | In the house a stick is given by the man to his brother's wife. |
| Don opòsi jo mènièn maras d-dim dovàfodu ju-odo. | |
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