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The pronoun

Aninese alphabet Numbers Aninese grammar Aninese sample texts
General particles The Noun The pronoun The Adjective The Verb miscellaneous

Contents of this page:

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Overview

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The root

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The demonstrative pronoun

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The referring and the personal pronoun
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table of the personal pronouns

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The indefinite and interrogative pronouns

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The possessive pronoun

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The reflexive pronoun

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The relative pronoun

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The pronoun g, g

Overview

The pronoun is in fact a noun with a root of one letter. There is only one case in which the declination differs from the noun as described under the demonstrative pronoun.

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The root

The root depends on the noun the pronoun is referring to:

if the pronoun refers to: then the root is:
a noun in another sentence: l l
and a pejorative meaning is expressed: r r
a noun in the same sentence: verb is shared pronoun is in clause
The noun  being a mobud: m m n n
The noun being a moobobud: p p b b
The noun being a moavabud: s s z z
The noun being a dumon: t t d d
The noun being an idumon f f v v

Examples (the bold letters are the roots, the nouns they refer to are underlined):

Mènin idodu dom maraidiro]d  ju]o <nuvè maslonoru ivas. The man goes to his wife's home, after having spoken to her.
Mènin idodu dom maraidiro-d ju-o, nuvè maslonoru ivas.
Mènin idodu dom imuidiro ju]o <nuvè ino' maslonoru maras]d. The man goes to his (own) house, after he has spoken to his wife.
Mènin idodu dom imuidiro ju-0, nuvè ino' maslonoru maras-d.
Mènin maslonodu maras]d <nuè idoru dom izaidiro ju]o. The man has spoken to his wife, before going to her home.
Mènin maslonodu maras-d, nuè idoru dom izaidiro ju-o.

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The demonstrative pronoun

The demonstrative pronoun has three forms, its root is always l or r:

  1. Indicating nearness to the speaker: this is expressed through the prefix of the first person f>o., f(o).

  2. Indicating nearness to the one spoken to: this is expressed through the prefix of the second person ò>s., ò(s).

  3. Indicating that the indicated object is neither near the speaker, nor near the one spoken to: it is expressed by default.

Examples:

Folo' mènin idodu dom ju]o. This man (near me) is going home.
Folo' mènin idodu dom ju-o.
Òlo' mènin idodu lovi dom ju]o. That man (near you) is going to that house (over there).
Òlo' mènin idodu lovi dom ju-0.

See for more information on the prefixes of person the relevant section of the noun page.

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The referring and the personal pronoun

Where in English the personal pronoun is used, in Aninese both the referring and the demonstrative pronouns can be used, further defined by the prefixes of person. The demonstrative pronoun will get two of these prefixes in this way. See for an explanation on the use of the prefixes of reference the relevant section of the noun page.

The prefixes of strengthening can be used to express respect or disdain.

table of the personal pronouns

See for a listing of all the pre- and suffixes the noun page.

demonstrative referring (object)verb(subject)
Aninese: .
Transcript: . .
Translation: .
Subject: person: gender: number:
Indirect object: person: gender: number:

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The indefinite and interrogative pronouns

These are closely related. The indefinite pronoun is built by adding the prefix of the indefinite article to the root of the pronoun. The interrogative pronoun is built by adding the prefix L, l to the indefinite pronoun. They can both be used as a noun or as an adjective. Used as an adjective all genders can occur. Used as nouns usually only the live, neuter and unknown genders occur.

indefinite pronoun noun adjective interrogative pronoun noun adjective
ulo' ulo'    

 

a

 

 

 lulo' lulo' who? which?
alaz alaz   lalaz lalaz
èle; èle; someone lèle; lèle;
olo; olo; something lolo; lolo; what?
elez elez someone/ something lelez lelez who/ what?
ulo'v ulo'v   no    
alazov alazov  
èle;v èle;v nobody
olo;v olo;v nothing
elezov elezov nobody/ nothing
èlevis èlevis some  some
olovis olovis
elezi elezi
èlevise èlevise the few few lèlevise lèlevise how many? how many?
olovise olovise lolovise lolovise
eleze eleze leleze leleze

Note also the following constructions:

èc èc in that way lèc lèc how?
ècerê ècerê such a lècerê lècerê what kind of?

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The possessive pronoun

This does not exist. It is either expressed with the pre- or suffix of possession as explained on the noun page, with an ozabu construction with the preposition id, id for real possession, or with a personal pronoun in the appropriate case.

g]don g-don my house don filobidiro don filobidiro mý house
maraz]d maraz-d his wife maraz gèî ilobi g maraz gei ilobi g hís wife

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The reflexive pronoun

This is constructed through the roots explained in the root section. The table of pronouns gives examples of it.

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The relative pronoun

This does not exist. All adjective clauses are formed with a participle of the verb in the voice that makes the antecedent the subject of the clause. See the syntax section for more information on this topic.

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The pronoun g, g

This special pronoun is used to clarify adjective constructions. It is used when the noun the adjective noun refers to has a different case degree, e.g. when the referring noun is placed before the verb and the referred noun behind it. The word gèî, gei represents the verb in case it is not expressed. G is always placed behind the adjectival noun and corresponds in case and number to the referred noun. It is always in the neuter gender. See for examples the relevant syntax section.

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