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Contents of this page:
Overview of the general particles
The general particles are always applied after the specific
particles of the noun, or verb have been added to the root.
| strength |
interrogation |
|
denial(1) |
stress |
denial(2) |
| ju] |
ju- |
l>u. |
l(u) |
ROOT |
|
ne |
ne |
>o.b |
(o)b |
| sca] |
sca- |
| do] |
do- |
| da] |
da- |
>o.v |
(o)v |
| juv] |
juv- |
>o.n |
(o)n |
| scav] |
scav- |
|
| dov] |
dov- |
| dav] |
dav- |
 Top
The suffixes of denial
>o.v, (ov)
This suffix turns the root it is placed after in the opposite
meaning. The o is inserted after a consonant. When the suffix is used to express
the opposite of a noun that ends on a vowel the v may be incorporated in the
root, thus creating a noun ending on ; ; The
position of the suffix is difficult to learn. Globally the following rules
apply:
-
If the suffix is part of the word that is declined, it is
placed behind the declination ending.
 |
an exception to this is when the v is incorporated in
the root of a noun ending on a vowel. |
If the suffix is part of a root that is not declined then
it is the last part of the root.
Examples:
| ju]o |
ju-o |
toward |
| ju]ov |
ju-ov |
from |
| juovido |
juovido |
to go away |
| eseaz |
eseaz |
the good woman |
| esevaz, eseazov |
esevaz, eseazov |
the bad woman |
| esevas, eseasov |
esevas,eseasov |
(second case) |
| ese;, eseo;v |
ese;, eseo;v |
the bad thing |
| esevi, eseoviv |
esevi, eseoviv |
(second case) |
| esevedo |
esevedo |
to corrupt (to make one bad) |
>o.n, (o)n
This suffix has the same function as (o)v, but is used exclusively for
independent words:
| Ti |
Ti |
it is necessary |
Tin |
Tin |
it is unnecessary |
| Cau |
Cau |
that many times |
Cauon |
Cauon |
never |
>o.b, (o)b
This suffix is placed behind that part of the sentence that is denied, it
does not express the opposite meaning.
| Mènaz òtoda. |
The woman is ugly. |
| Mènaz òtoda. |
| Mènaz òtodav. |
The woman is beautiful (unugly). |
| Mènaz òtodav. |
| Mènazob òtodav. |
Not the woman is beautiful. |
| Mènazob òtodav. |
| Mènaz òtodavob. |
The woman is not beautiful. |
| Mènaz òtodavob. |
Top
The prefix of interrogation
The prefix l>u., l(u) is added to the word
in the sentence that the question focuses upon.
| Lumènaz òtoda? |
Is the wóman ugly? |
| Lumènaz òtoda? |
| Mènaz lòtoda? |
Is the woman úgly? |
| Mènaz lòtoda? |
| Lulaz òtoda? |
Is shé ugly? |
| Lulaz òtoda? |
| Lèle; òtode? |
Who is ugly? |
| Lèle; òtode?. |
Top
The suffix of stress
The suffix ne, ne stresses the part of the
sentence it is added to. It will always follow the suffixes of denial v and n,
but is inserted before the suffix b if the word is stressed and after b it the
denial is stressed.
| Mènazane òtoda. |
The wóman is ugly. |
| Mènazane òtoda. |
| Mènaz òtodane. |
The woman is úgly. |
| Mènaz òtodane. |
| Mènaz òtodaneb. |
The woman is not úgly. |
| Mènaz òtodaneb. |
| Mènaz òtodabane. |
The woman is not at all ugly. |
| Mènaz òtodabane. |
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The prefixes of strengthening and weakening
These prefixes strengthen or weaken a word, often changing its
meaning. Translation can be with "very", "a little" or another
word altogether. When they are used with the root that is declined they are
associated to the word with a separator, otherwise they are directly connected
to the root they change. The prefixes are:
| ju] |
ju- |
very |
| sca] |
sca- |
very very |
| do] |
do |
the ultimate |
| da] |
da- |
too much of a |
| juv] |
juv- |
a little |
| scav] |
scav- |
a very little |
| dov] |
dov- |
the smallest possible |
| dav] |
dav- |
the too small |
Examples:
| ido |
ido |
to go |
| juv]ido |
juv-ido |
to crawl |
| o |
o |
into |
| ju]o |
ju-o |
toward |
| odido |
odido |
to enter |
| juv]odidi |
juv-odido |
to crawl inside |
| juodido |
juodido |
to go toward |
| juv]juodido |
juv-juodido |
to crawl toward |
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